Environmental and health problems caused by chemical pollution, especially high-risk chemical pollution, have become a major factor affecting the public health. How to ensure that chemicals bring well-being to human society while ensuring the minimum harm to the environment and human health is a problem that needs to be solved urgently in the field of chemistry, especially environmental chemistry. This article summarizes the latest research progress in the risk identification, risk prevention, alternative research and development, and evaluation of perfluorinated compounds and other substances, and systematically explores how to use green chemistry, combined with the risk management and control, to decrease the risk of the high-risk chemicals during their entire life cycle. The article also discusses the research progress, development direction, and future development of high-risk chemicals throughout the life cycle.
By the bosonization approach and renormalization-group analysis, we study quantum properties of a one-dimensional modified
t-
J
z model. At weak coupling and at half filling, we obtain ground state phase diagram, characterized completely by spin-gap phases. The charge-gap transition
divides the phase plane into two different regions: an insulator with Néel order for
λ <
λ
c, and a metal with coexisting superconductivity (TS
0) and Néel (SDW
z) orders for
λ >
λ
c. The induced three-body attractive interaction is responsible for the TS
0 order. The results indicate that the 1D modified
t-
J
z version is not equivalent to the original
t-
J
z model.
The
restricted arc-connectivity of a digraph is an important parameter to measure
fault-tolerance of interconnection networks. This paper determines that the restricted arc-connectivity of the de Bruijn digraph
B
G (
n,
d) is equal to 2
d − 2 for
diameterk ≥ 4 and
d ≥ 4, and the restricted arc-connectivity of Kautz digraph
K
G (
n,
d) is equal to 2
d − 2 for
k ≥ 4,
d ≥ 4 or
d ≥ 3,
k ≥ 5,
g.
c.
d (
n,
d) ≥ 2 and
n is divisible by (
d + 1). As consequences, the super restricted arc-connectedness of
B
G (
n,
d) and
K
G (
n,
d) is obtained immediately. This paper shows that
λ
h (
D) ≤ min{
ξ
h (
D),|
V1|
λ (
D2),|
V2|
λ (
D1)}. In particular, for diameter
k ≥ 4, it can be determined that
λ2 (
B
G (
n,
d) ×
B
G (
n,
d)) = 4
d − 2 for
d ≥ 3 and
λ2 (
K
G (
n,
d) ×
K
G (
n,
d)) = 4
d − 2 for
d ≥ 2.
In order to decipher the whole genome of
Lasioderma serricorne, a genome survey was performed by high-throughput sequencing technology of Illumina. The genome size of
L. serricorne was predicted, and the features of genomic heterozygosity, repeats and GC content were analyzed. Furthermore, the preliminary genome assembly was conducted. The results showed that the genome size of
L. serricorne was 242.25 Mb. The heterozygosity, repeats, and GC content were 0.77%, 42.95%, and 44.61%, respectively. In addition, 418 693 scaffolds with a total length of 211.10 Mb were obtained after assembling. The scaffold N50 was 1 864 bp. The genome survey provides an important theoretical basis for the subsequent whole genome sequencing of
L. serricorne.
To investigate the retention behaviors of key aerosol components (nicotine, glycerol, and 1,2-propanediol) of electrically-heated tobacco products (EHTPs) in filters, we measured the amount of the components retained by different filters and different filter sections (
i.e., hollow cellulose acetate section, polylactic acid section, and cellulose acetate section). The retention rates were studied through a linear model and an exponential model to characterize the combined filters of EHTPs. The results are as follows. ① Both the linear model and the exponential model could predict the retention rates of the key components in aerosols by the filters of EHTPs. ② The retention rate by the hollow cellulose acetate section was the lowest, followed by that of the polylactic acid section, and that of the cellulose acetate section was the highest. The retention in these three sections approximately met 1:2:3. ③ The retention rates of glycerol and 1,2-propanediol by the hollow cellulose acetate section were higher than that of nicotine, and the retention ability of polylactic acid section to glycerol was relatively higher. 4) The retention abilities of cellulose acetate section to the three key components were basically the same. This study provides a mechanistic basis for the structural design and quantitative optimization of filters for EHTPs.
Objective To investigate the potential mechanism of Maxing Shigan Decoction (MSD) in the prevention and treatment of influenza virus infection by influencing pulmonary flora and expression of chemokines CCL5 and CXCL10 of mice.
Method The infected mice model of influenza A virus was tested by intranasal inoculation. After three and seven days of gavage of MSD or saline, the inhibition rates on lung index and lung index were calculated. Pathological changes of lung tissue were detected by HE staining. The expression of CCL5 and CXCL10 in the lung tissue of mice was detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The expression of CCL5 mRNA and CXCL10 mRNA in lung tissue of mice was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). The bacteria in lung tissue were sequenced by using the V3–V4 region of 16 S rRNA, annotated, and clustered. The Alpha diversity, Beta diversity and the species difference among groups were analyzed. The correlation of the expression of CCL5 and CXCL10 with the change of intestinal flora was also analyzed.
Results After three days of administration, the lung index of model group was significantly higher than that of normal group (
P < 0.01) and drug group (
P < 0.05, 0.01). Pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration was obvious. The infiltration of pulmonary inflammatory cells in MSD group was significantly reduced, and the inhibition rate of lung index was similar to that in oseltamivir group. The value of IQA in lung injury was decreased significantly (
P < 0.01). The expression of CCL5 and CXCL10 in the lung tissue of the model control group was significantly higher than that of the control group (
P < 0.01), and the expression of CCL5 and CXCL10 in the oseltamivir group and the MSD group was significantly lower than that in the model control group (
P < 0.05, 0.01). The results of 16 S rRNA gene sequencing showed the relative abundances of
Bacteroides,
Escherichia, and
Proteus were increased, while that of
Coprococcus was decreased in the model control group. In oseltamivir group and MSD group, the relative abundances of
Bacteroides,
Escherichia, and
Proteus were significantly decreased, while the relative abundance of
Coprococcus was increased. The results of Alpha diversity showed that the ACE index, Chao1 index, and Shannon index of each group were all higher than 0.05, and there was no difference in richness and diversity among groups. The results of Beta diversity showed that there was no intersection of sample points among groups and difference in the composition of pulmonary flora among groups. Species among groups were significant differences. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression of CCL5 and CXCL10 was positively correlated with the abundance of
Escherichia,
Proteus, and
Bacteroides, and negatively correlated with the abundance of
Coprococcus. After seven days of administration, there was no significant difference in the composition of pulmonary flora and the expression of CCL5 and CXCL10.
Conclusion MSD may improve the micro-ecological environment and immune microenvironment of the lung by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, and has a certain protective effect on the lung injury caused by influenza virus.
Objective To observe the effects of Tongdu Tiaoshen acupuncture on depression-like behavior in rats with post-stroke depression (PSD), and to explore its possible mechanism.
Methods A total of 48 SD rats were randomized into a sham-operation group, a model group, a Tongdu Tiaoshen group and a non-meridian-non-acupoint group, with 12 rats in each group. In the model group, the Tongdu Tiaoshen group and the non-meridian-non-acupoint group, PSD model was established using the compound method of cerebral medial arterial occlusion, chronic unpredictable mild stress and isolation. Acupuncture was applied at “Dazhui” (GV 14), “Shuigou” (GV 26), “Baihui” (GV 20) and “Shenting” (GV 24) in the Tongdu Tiaoshen group, and at the bilateral dorsum hollows between 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones of the forelegs in the non-meridian-non-acupoint group. The needles were retained for 40 min in both groups, and the treatment was performed once a day, 6 times a week, for 4 weeks. Before model establishment and after intervention, the Zea Longa neurological behavioral score, open-field test and sucrose preference test were evaluated in the 4 groups. The levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), Beclin1 and LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰ in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were detected by western blot assay. The mRNA expression levels of Beclin1, and LC3B-Ⅱ in the CA1 region of hippocampus were detected by real-time PCR.
Results After model establishment, compared with the sham-operation group, the Zea Longa neurological behavioral scores were increased (
P < 0.05); the horizontal and vertical motion scores in the open-field test and the sucrose water consumption were decreased in the model group, the Tongdu Tiaoshen group and the non-meridian-non-acupoint group (
P < 0.05). After intervention, compared with the sham-operation group, the Zea Longa neurological behavioral score and the expression levels of Beclin1, LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰ and LC3B-Ⅱ in the CA1 region of hippocampus were increased (
P < 0.05); the horizontal and vertical motion scores in the open-field test, the sucrose water consumption and the expression levels of PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR were decreased in the model group (
P < 0.05). After intervention, compared with the model group and the non-meridian-non-acupoint group, the Zea Longa neurological behavioral score and the expression levels of Beclin1, LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰ and LC3B-Ⅱ in the CA1 region of hippocampus were decreased (
P < 0.05); the horizontal and vertical motion scores of the open-field test, the sucrose water consumption and the expression levels of PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR were increased in the Tongdu Tiaoshen group (
P < 0.05).
Conclusion Tongdu Tiaoshen acupuncture can effectively improve the depression-like behavior in PSD rats, which is related to the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the inhibition of hippocampal neuron autophagy.
Objective To explore the underlying mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction extracts on apoptosis and autophagy in PC12 cells model with oxidative stress injury.
Methods Different degrees of oxidative stress injury were induced with H
2O
2 at various concentrations. The effective concentrations of Buyang Huanwu Decoction extracts were determined by MTT method in the initial stage and the intensifying period after oxidative stress injury. The apoptosis of PC12 cells was evaluated by FCM and TUNNEL. The autophagy situations were observed by TEM and m RFP-GFP-LC3. Furthermore, the proteins of Bax, Bcl-2, Beclin1, LC3A, and LC3B related to apoptosis were determined by Western blotting.
Results Cell models with oxidative stress injury at the initial stage and the intensifying period were established by H
2O
2 at the concentration of 1.5 and 2.0 mmol/L, respectively. Compared with the control group, the model group exhibited increased apoptosis and autophagy, higher expressions of Bax/Bcl-2, Beclin1 and LC3B but lower expression of LC3A (
P < 0.05). Compared with the cell model of oxidative stress injury at the initial stage, Buyang Huanwu Decoction extracts could reduce the Bax/Bcl-2, restrain apoptosis rate, and up-regulate Beclin1 and LC3B/LC3A to activate autophagy (
P < 0.05). When serious apoptosis and excessive autophagy were observed in the intensifying period, the extracts could exert the protective effects by inhibiting apoptosis and alleviating autophagy.
Conclusion Buyang Huanwu Decoction extracts can protect against oxidative stress injury of cell models in different periods by regulating apoptosis and autophagy.
Objective To isolate and identify the chemical components from rhizomes of
Atractylodes lancea and evaluate the inhibitory effects of the extracted compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by microglia BV2 cells.
Methods The n-butanol sub-fraction obtained from 80% ethanol extract from rhizome of
A. lancea was separated by high-performance liquid chromatography successively on Diaion HP-20, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative columns. The structures of these obtained compounds were identified by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), etc.
Results Ten compounds were isolated and identified from the n-butanol sub-fraction of rhizomes of
A. lancea. They were (2
E,8
R)-decene-4,6-diyne-1,8-diol-1-
O-β-Dapiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
1), (8
S)-decane-4,6-diyne-1,8-diol-8-
O-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
2), (2
E,8
R)-decene-4,6-diyne-1,8-diol-8-
O-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
3), (2
E,8
S)-decene-4,6-diyne-1,8-diol-8-
O-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
4), (2
E,8
E)-2,8-decadiene-4,6-diyne-1,10-diol-1-
O-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
5), (7
R,8 S)-3′,9,9′-trihydroxyl-3-methoxyl-1′-propanol-7,8-dihydrobenzofunanneoligan-4-
O-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
6), (7′
R*,8
S*,8′S*)-lyoniresinol 9′-
O-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
7), (7
S,8
R)-4,9,9′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxy-8-
O-4′-neolignan 7-
O-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
8), methyl salicylate 2-
O-α-
L-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
9), and phenylmethanol 7-
O-α-
L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-
D-glucopyranoside (
10).
Conclusion Compounds
1 and
2 were named atractyeneyneglycoside A and atractyeneyneglycoside B, while compounds
6 and 8–1
0 were isolated from rhizomes of
A. lancea for the first time. At the concentration of 10 μmol/L, compound
10 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against LPS-induced NO production of microglia BV2 cells, with the inhibitory value being 31.18%, while compounds
1 and
2 only showed weaker inhibitory effects, with the values being 22.01% and 14.09%, respectively.
Objective To screen active components and main target molecules from
Sorbus tianschanica for treatment of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion based on network pharmacology, and verify the protective effects and mechanism of flavonoids in
S. tianschanica (FST).
Methods The compounds from
S. tianschanica with protective effects against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) were screened and the compound-target-disease network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were constructed, and the key targets were identified from the TCMSP database. Langendorff-reperfusion rat isolated-hearts were prepared to induce MIRI. The high dose (1.5 mg/L), low dose (0.5 mg/L) of FST, and 4′-chlorodiazepam (CDZ, 1 μmol/L) were administered for pretreatment, respectively. Hemodynamic index, myocardial infarction area, and the pathological changes in myocardium were analyzed. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the opening degree of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) were determined.
Results The active components screened from
S. tianschanica by network pharmacology in the treatment of MIRI were flavonoids; the core target was TSPO, which was closely related to mPTP. Each treatment group significantly enhanced the cardiac function index, reduced myocardial infarction area, increased the activity of SOD and CAT (
P < 0.01), increased GSH/GSSG and T-AOC of myocardial tissue (
P < 0.01), and inhibited the opening of mPTP. FST at the high dose (1.5 mg/L) had the strongest effect by contrast.
Conclusion FST can enhance the function of myocardial relaxation and contraction, reduce the myocardial infarction area and relieve the oxidative stress injury of myocardial tissue. It can inhibit the opening of mPTP by acting on the main target TSPO to reduce the mitochondrial swelling of myocardial cells.
