Journal of Beijing Sport University is a monthly publication sponsored by General Administration of Sport of China. Journal of Beijing Sport University incorporates the rich experience of class teaching, academic research and training experience in sports field. The journal has several columns such as sports social science, sports psychology, human sports science, physical education and so on.
“Artificial quality,”“non-necessity” and “pursuit of excellence ” are three important characteristics in sport. By the method of literature review, this paper described and located the three characteristics based on the “artifact”theory of Barry Allen, and combed the historical pass of the three characteristics in Ancient Greece, the Middle Ages, and the modern times in history of sport dimension by the method of philosophical anthropology. We hope that this can re-interpret history of sport and sport definition, and dig the intrinsic value of sport by the combination of the“artifact”theory and the“vital drive”theory of Max Scheler, and point out research value of the method of philosophical anthropology in history of sport.
For the purpose of displaying cultural soft value of modern martial art, this paper analyzed cultural value of modern martial art by the method of literature review. The author draws the conclusions: martial art was endued with China's traditional cultural image since the ancient times and was rich of national culture. But in the social change of modern China,a part of martial art culture has been broken and misread which causes its marginalization. Nowadays, we want martial art back to the global view for showing martial art cultural connotation, displaying time function, continuing martial art cultural charm, and improving martial art rivalry. At the same time, we should rightly understand martial art culture, improve martial art positive energy, protect it, build martial art brand awareness to reshape cultural value of modern martial art. We have to use many forms to export martial art culture which will help to realize China dream.
This study analyzed China's sports strategy and pointed out its problems with the purpose of providing theoretical construction and practice reference for China's sports strategy research, by the method of documentary. Results are as follows. Sports strategy is the overall guidance and plan for sports development with the characteristics of overall, directional, long-term and hierarchical. Problems of sports strategy study include that it has not enough high quality studies and lack comprehensive data, and that its conception and theory are out of practice. Countermeasures are strengthening theory research of sports strategy to construct sports strategy theory system, strengthening strategic thinking to improve decision-making level, strengthening research of international sports strategy to improve China's sports soft power,strengthening historical research to guide development direction, grasping challenges to finish historical mission, and establishing sports strategy study institutes to cultivate talents. This paper provides a reference for current China's sports strategy research.
This paper made a comparative study on age, body height, weight, and Quetelet index of domestic players and foreign players between Chinese Football Association Super League (CSL) and five major European football leagues by the methods of literature review and mathematical statistics. The conclusions are as follows. In these leagues, the average weight and Quetelet index of domestic players in Chinese league ranked the last, there are some disadvantages in terms of physical confrontation. Chinese league paid much attention to bring in foreign players with larger weight and Quetelet index, but at a senior age. All leagues had inclined to bring in foreign players with larger weight and Quetelet index, which indicates that larger weight and Quetelet index have an impact on performance. The ratio of foreign players in CSL is much less than that of big five leagues, and the proportion of foreign players in each position is not reasonable for the balanced development of each position's players. It suggested that CSL should consider the average age and body shape data of European leagues, adjust standard, proportions and structure of foreign players according to our own actual situation, and improve fitness training method to solve question of the low weight and Quetelet index of Chinese players.
Based on the technique characteristics of women taekwondo athletes in -49 kg class in preparation for the 2012 London Olympic Games, this study focused on the on-the-spot technique application characteristics of China's six main rivals of women taekwondo athletes in -49 kg class from six countries in 2011 World Championships, the 2012 London Olympic qualifying tournaments both of the world and continents and the 2012 London Olympics. By collecting and classifying the competition information, this paper analyzed the development trend of athletes' techniques. Results are as follows: (1) Female taekwondo athletes prefer strongly left combat style and have balanced competitive ability in both left open and right open combat. Some may have strong competitive ability both in left and right combat styles. (2) The main applied techniques of these main rivals in the race are roundhouse kick, push kick and axe kick, and the proportion of roundhouse kick technique in race is higher than the average level in other international races, and the proportion of forward roundhouse kick rises significantly. (3) The technique of forward roundhouse kick is the most important scoring technique; side kick is the new scoring technique. (4) Axe kick and roundhouse kick on head are the two main scoring techniques, and they created new technique, which is the new development trend of kicks on head. This study provided theoretical guidance for China women taekwondo athletes in -49 kg class adapting to current changing techniques to keep technique advantages in -49 kg class.
Aim: This study aimed at observing the effects of exercise on synapses ultrastructure of striatum,glutamate concentration and expressions of D2DR and NMDAR1 in Parkinson (PD) rats, and investigating the mechanism of exercise regulating glutamatergic (Glu) neurotransmission of cortex striatum in PD rats. Methods: Male SD rats were randomly divided into Control group,Control + Ex group, PD group and PD + Ex group, 18 rats in each group. PD rats were established by injection of 6-OHDA in medial forebrain bundle single point while Control and Control + Ex groups rats received the same dose of saline. Exercise group rats participated in 4 weeks exercise, exercise program is 11 m/min, 30 min/day, and 5 days/week. The synaptic ultrastructure of cortex-striatum was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), glutamate level in striatum was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the striatal D2DR and NMDAR1 expressions were tested by Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results: Compared with PD group, the proportion of striatal perforated synapses and the glutamate concentration in PD + Ex group were significantly lower (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), striatal D2DR and NMDAR1 expressions in PD + Ex group were significantly higher (Ps < 0.05). Conclusion: Exercise improves corted-striatum Glu neurotransmission in PD rats, which may be related to the improved effect of dopamine regulating cortex striatum Glu neurotransmission.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of androgen on ERK1/2 pathway in exercise skeletal muscle through blocking AR. Methods: Thirty seven-week old male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, AR inhibitor group, exercise group, AR inhibitor + exercise group and sham group. AR inhibitor group rats were implanted subcutaneously with a flutamide release pellet, and exercise group rats participated in 10 days moderate intensity exercise. Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) was isolated at 6 h after the last exercise. Results: Compared with control group, the wet weight and CSA of EDL, AR mRNA and p-ARSer210 in AR inhibitor group were significantly decreased (Ps < 0.05), and the mRNA and phosphorylation level of MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and p90RSK had no significant changes. The mRNA and phosphorylation level of AR, ERK1/2 pathway in exercise group significantly raised (P < 0.05), while the wet weight and CSA of EDL had no significant changes. All indexes in AR inhibitor + exercise group were lower than in exercise group (Ps < 0.05), but had no differences compared with AR inhibitor group. Conclusions: AR inhibitor can significantly inhibit the expressions of wet weight, CSA, AR mRNA and phosphorylation of EDL, which demonstrated that the promotion of androgen on exercise skeletal muscle is mediated by AR. AR inhibitor can significantly inhibit ERK1/2 pathway, which indicated that androgen activating ERK1/2 pathway in exercise skeletal muscle is mediated by AR.
Objective: Hamstring strain is the most common injury in sports, and it is hard to recovery and its recurrence rate is high. The purpose of this study is to figure out the main risk factors of hamstring muscle injury by analyzing comprehensively it with Meta-analysis, thus it can provide scientific references of injury prevention and rehabilitation. Methods: Literatures related to risk factors of hamstring muscle injury published from 1992 to 2014 were collected, and they were made quality evaluation according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Various risk factors was analyzed with Meta-analysis by confirm fixed effects model or random effects model according to heterogeneity results of the included literatures. Result: Our results showed that the main risk factors of hamstring muscle injury are age (SMD = 0.68, 95% CI 0.12 – 1.25; RR = 4.04, 95% CI 2.08 x – 7.84), maximum torque of quadriceps femoris (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI0.19 – 0.96), history of hamstring injury (RR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.93x – 3.40; OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.30– 6.81). Conclusions: Elder age, hamstring muscle injury history and too high quadriceps of maximum torque are the main risk factors of hamstring muscle injury. Athlete's height, weight, maximum torque of hamstring muscle, muscle strength ratio of hamstring to quadriceps femoris, and hamstring flexibility are not obviously related to hamstring muscle injury. It cannot be identified as the main risk factors of hamstring injury, and further study is required.
Objective: This study observed the effect of eccentric exercise on skeletal muscle micro-damage and repair, the effect of Ca2+ concentration in different areas of muscle cells and the regulatory signals of calcium release channel Ryanodine Receptor (RyR) in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Methods: One hundred and fourteen male SD rats were divided into eccentric exercise (E group, n = 36), eccentric exercise combined acupuncture (EA group, n = 36), simple acupuncture (A group, n = 36) and control (C group, n = 6) groups. Muscle samples of E, EA and A groups were isolated at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after exercise. Cells microstructure was observed by electron microscope. Ca2+ concentrations of Z-line and H-band were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Expressions of hosphodiestera-4-D3 (PDE4D3) and FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12) were tested by Western blotting. Results: Ca2+ concentration in Z-line of E and EA groups rose both at 0 h and 12–72 h after exercise, if EA group rose earlier and more obviously during 12–72 h. An acute eccentric exercise could not damage the stability of RyR. Conclusion: The increase of Ca2+ concentration at 0 h after exercise induces cell damage, and the increase during 12–72 h after exercise is related to cell damage repair, but not induced by “calcium leak” of RyR. Value: This study found that Ca2+ concentration changes differently in different time periods of 0–72 h after exercise, which provides a new research direction for calcium mechanism of muscle damage and repair.
Minority sports is a kind of historical and cultural form in which the clansmen's cognitive level complies with nature. Its truth has been changing with the development of minority's physiologic demands and social demands which are the origins of minority sports. This study described the multiple truth of ancient minority sports and analyzed its development history for classifying its origin and development, by the methods of literature review and analysis by examples. The results show that minority sports have multiple truth of ethnic reproduction, religious belief, war training and lifestyle. With the economic development and people's living standard improving, truth of minority sports has been changed to a tendency of diversification, including commercial interests, recreation and entertainment, cultural custom, and formal competitive sports. These results provided reference for minority sports research.
