北京植物物候的季节动态特征——以北京植物园为例
(2.城乡生态环境北京实验室, 北京 100083)
【摘要】季节性是北京植物景观的典型特征, 而个体物候是植物景观季节动态的基础。该研究基于北京植物园内120种落叶树种的周年物候数据, 对北京植物景观的物候季节动态进行分析。物候观测以中国物候观测法为标准, 采用a、b、c三级物候代码进行物候记录;数据分析以二十四节气中的候 (5日) 为基本时间变量, 基于频率分布型法探究北京物候季节划分及其物候构成动态, 基于SPSS 20.0频数分布统计等探究各类物候现象发生期及持续期的时间分布特征等。物候季节划分及物候构成特征结果为:6–19候为春, 物候期发生频数占全年总量的54.03%, 以发芽、展叶、开花为主要物候特征, 后期有少数树种结果;20–45候为夏, 物候量占全年的12.95%, 此期全部观测树种完成展叶, 春花树种进入结果期, 并有较少夏花开放及秋色叶出现;46–59候为秋, 物候量占全年的27.19%, 以秋色叶及落叶物候为主并伴有较少结果和开花物候发生;60候至次年春季起始前为冬, 其中60–72候物候量仅占全年的0.6%, 全为落叶物候。各类物候期的时间分布特征如下:展叶物候期分布于3–23候, 华北珍珠梅 (Sorbaria kirilowii) 、旱柳 (Salix matsudana) 等展叶最早, 展叶期平均持续3.27候。秋色物候期分布于40–63候, 49–56候为最佳观赏期, 蒙椴 (Tilia mongolica) 、山杏 (Armeniaca sibirica) 等最早显秋色;秋色期平均持续8.2候, 卫矛 (Euonymus alatus) 、接骨木 (Sambucus williamsii) 等秋色期较长。叶幕期平均持续44.2候, 糯米条 (Abelia chinensis) 、旱柳、棣棠 (Kerria japonica) 等叶幕期最长。花物候期分布于1–53候, 始花期为1–41候, 盛花期平均发生于始花后1.81候, 8–23候为集中观赏期, 蜡梅 (Chimonanthus praecox) 、迎春 (Jasminum nudiflorum) 、榆 (Ulmus pumila) 、毛白杨 (Populus tomentosa) 等开花最早, 木香薷 (Elsholtzia stauntoni) 开花最晚;花期平均持续6.7候, 华北珍珠梅、木槿 (Hibiscus syriacus) 、紫薇 (Lagerstroemia indica) 等夏秋开花树种花期最长。果物候期分布于8–59候, 榆、郁香忍冬 (Lonicera fragrantissima) 等果实成熟最早;持果期平均持续29.0候, 果实宿存树种及黑果荚蒾 (Viburnum melanocarpum) 、‘金叶’风箱果 (Physocarpus opulifolius‘Luteus’) 等具有较长的果实观赏期。与20世纪80年代同类研究结果对比分析, 北京2017年的物候季节与30年前相比, 入春提早1候, 夏季延长4候, 入秋延后3候, 秋季缩短2候, 且不同季节持续期长短的差距加大。
【关键词】 植物物候; 季节划分; 物候动态特征;
【DOI】
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ISSN:1005-264X
CN:11-3397/Q
Vol 42, No. 09, Pages 906-916
September 2018
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