Supervisor(s): Ministry of Agriculture Sponsor(s): Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences；Chinese Association of Agricultural Science Societies CN：11-1328/S
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, the 1st in Comprehensive Agricultural Science, is supervised by Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, and sponsored by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Chinese Association of Agricultural Science Societies. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, launched in 1960, is a leading peer-reviewed and mufti-disciplinary journal and published semi-monthly in Chinese with English title, abstract, figures, tables and references. It aims to publish those papers that are influential and will significantly advance scientific understanding in agriculture fields worldwide. The scope covers Crop Genetics, Breeding, Germplasm Resources; Physiology, Biochemistry, Cultivation, Tillage Plant Protection; Soil & Fertilization, Agro-Ecology & Environment, Bio-energy; Animal Science, Veterinary Science, Agricultural Information Science; Food Science; Agricultural Economics and Management; Agricultural Sustainability.
The journal is included in JST, CA and CSCD.
Editor-in-Chief Wan Jianmin Associate Editor-in-Chief Zou Ruicang Tang HuaJun Wu Kongming Guo YuYuan Geng Xu Sun Tan Executive Editor Lu Wenru
[Objective] This study aimed to evaluate the one-off application effects of controlled-release nitrogen mixed with phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients on the winter wheat to realize fertilizer reduction, efficiency, and cost increase, which provided reference of scientific techniques to the simplified production. [Method] In 2011–2012, 2012–2013, and 2013–2014, thirty-one experiments of one-off application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer with wheat were carried out in different ecological areas of Huang-Huai-Hai east region to analyze the yield and nutrient efficiency, cost increase etc., and the treatments included CRFa (the equal N input with OPT treatment), 80%CRFa, and 80%CRFb [the amount of nitrogen input in controlled release nitrogen fertilizer reduced by 20% compared with the multiple application of common nitrogen fertilizer (OPT treatment)]. [Result] The one-off application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on winter wheat showed stable or small yield increasing trend. Compared with common nitrogen fertilizer, the average yield increased by 2.6% in the three years, and the experiment points with increased yield accounted for 83.9% in the whole experiment. The proportion of experiment points with increased yield in two kinds of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer decreased significantly, and the yield effect in biodegradable controlled-release fertilizer a was better than that of the organic resin coated controlled-release fertilizer b. The yield effects of four fertilization patterns in sandy, loamy, and clay soil were averagely 10.7%, 17.4%, and 19.7%, respectively, and the relative yield increasing effect of CRFa treatment (compared with OPT) in sandy or loamy soil was better than that in clay soil. The relative yield effect of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (compared with OPT) was better in the low yield level than that in high level block. The nitrogen input was saved by 14.7, 59.3, and 59.3 kg N·hm
−2 under CRFa, 80%CRFa, and 80%CRFb treatments, respectively, compared with FP treatment, and the nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP
N) increased by 0.4, 7.32, 6.93 kg·kg
−1 under CRFa, 80%CRFa, and 80%CRFb, respectively; compared with that of OPT, and the apparent nitrogen use efficiency was improved by 1.5, 8.62, and 6.21 percentage points respectively. The incomes of CRFa and 80%CRFa treatments increased by CNY 543.8 per hectare and CNY 150.3 per hectare, respectively, compared with that of OPT. [Conclusion] One-off application of fertilizer on winter wheat by using the controlled-release fertilizer mixed with other nutrients showed obvious advantages in yield stability, improving the nitrogen use efficiency, saving labor and cost, and increasing income compared with the FP and OPT treatments. The results of CRFa and 80%CRFa were better under the experimental conditions. We recommended that the fertilization mode of controlled-released nitrogen with reducing 20% nitrogen be applied to the winter wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai east region.
[Objective] The objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics of N, P and K nutrient demand of high-yielding winter wheat and to identity the relationship between N, P and K requirements and grain yield, so the results of the study could provide theoretical basis and technical support for in-season nutrient management of high-yielding winter wheat in North China Plain. [Method] Under the optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment, some databases of nutrient demand of winter wheat were created by collecting the on-farm experiments in different places and in many years to evaluate the relationship between aboveground N, P and K uptake and grain yield to quantify the N, P and K requirements per ton grain yield in North China Plain. [Result] For the optimal N fertilizer treatment, the average N requirement per ton grain in North China Plain was 24. 3 kg and it declined with increasing grain yield. For the yield ranges between < 4.5 t·hm
−2 and 6.0 to 7.5 t·hm
−2, the N requirement per ton grain decreased from 27.1 kg to 24.5 kg due to increasing harvest index and decreasing grain N concentration. For the yield ranges between 6.0 to 7.5 t·hm
−2 and 9.0 to 10.5 t·hm
−2, the N requirement per ton grain decreased from 24.5 kg to 22.7 kg due to decreasing grain N concentration. For the yield ranges > 10.5 t·hm
−2, the N requirement per ton grain tended to be stable and changed little. Under the optimal P fertilizer treatment, the average P requirement per ton grain was 4.5 kg, and it declined from 4.7 kg in the yield range of < 4.5 t·hm
−2 to 4.2 kg in the yield range of > 9.0 t·hm
−2 due to the increasing harvest index and the diluting effect of declining grain P concentrations. Under the optimal K fertilizer treatment, the average K requirement per ton grain was 21.1 kg and it declined with increasing grain yield, it decreased from 23.8 kg with < 4.5 t·hm
−2 to 20.2 kg with > 7.5 t·hm
−2, which was attributed to the increase of the harvest index and decline in grain potassium concentrations. The largest variation in dry matter and nutrient accumulation occurred from the stem elongation stage to anthesis stage. [Conclusion] Under the optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment in North China Plain, the N, P and K uptake requirements increased with increasing grain yield. The average N, P and K requirements per ton grain declined with increasing grain yield, which was attributed to the increase of the harvest index and decline in grain N, P and K concentrations. For different yield levels of winter wheat, there was higher dry matter accumulation rate and nutrient uptake rate after the stem elongation stage of high yield levels.
[Objective] The objective of this study was to further understand the match of the nitrogen uptake in winter wheat and nitrogen release of waterborne resin-coated urea in time and space, and to provide a theoretical basis for its application in single fertilization in wheat.[Method] Through laboratory analysis and field experiment, the membrane surface morphology characteristics and nitrogen release characteristics in the water and in wheat fields of waterborne coated urea were studied, together with the relationship of nitrogen release them and nitrogen uptake in winter wheat, time dynamics of inorganic nitrogen content in different soil layers, and the matching between soil available nitrogen accumulation and wheat absorption at different stages. [Result] The membrane surface of waterborne resin-coated urea was complete and compact with no obvious pores. The nitrogen cumulative release curve was an “S” type for the waterborne resin-coated urea (type C) in water, and the nitrogen sated release time was about 45 days; the cumulative release curve in the wheat field was elongated “S” type, and the nitrogen sated release time was 180 days. There was significant linear positive correlation between the nitrogen accumulative uptake account of winter wheat and the nitrogen accumulative release account of waterborne resin-coated urea in soil. There were two nitrogen release peaks of the waterborne resin-coated urea in the field, at seedling stage and jointing stage, respectively, accounting for 30.83% and 23.53% of the total nitrogen release in the whole year, respectively. According to the matching between nitrogen absorption and nitrogen release in the growth period, the relationship between them was “staggered” ahead of booting stage, and the nitrogen release peak was ahead of the nitrogen absorption peak. Compared with common urea, the water-borne resin coated urea made the contents of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen and the accumulation of available nitrogen increase significantly in different soil layers at the key growth stage. The content in the soil layer of 0–30 cm was significantly increased at the regreening, booting, and grain filling stages. The content in the 30–60 cm soil layer increased at winter wheat booting and blooming stages. The content in the 60–90 cm soil layer increased at the regreening, flowering, and grain filling stage of winter wheat. [Conclusion] For the water borne resin coated urea, its sustained-release performance met the national standard of slow-release fertilizer. The nitrogen release characteristics were similar in water and wheat fields but longer in wheat fields; the nitrogen release in wheat field was basically the same as winter wheat. However, the time was ahead of a growing period for the appearance of nitrogen release peak than that of nitrogen absorption peak. Compared with common urea, the waterborne resin-coated urea could improve the nitrogen supply ability of different soil layers at the key growth stage of winter wheat, and realize the spatial matching between the nitrogen supply and root absorption of winter wheat.
[Objective] The objective of this paper was to explore the impacts of one-off fertilization on CH
4 and N
2O emissions and its impacting factors in rape–rice replanting system to calculate global warming potential, and to understand the contribution of one-off fertilization to the greenhouse gas emission, so as to provide scientific basis and technical reference for the greenhouse gas emission reduction. [Method] Based on the typical rape–rice replanting system in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the experiments were set up in the (30.36°N, 112.08°E) rape-rice replanting test field in Taihu port farm of Jingzhou from October 2015 to September 2016 with five treatments, including the control treatment (CK), farmers' practice treatment (FP), optimal fertilizer treatment (OPT), urea fertilizer treatment (UA) and controlled release fertilizer treatment (CRF), with three replicates. In the whole growth period, the static chamber gas chromatography method was used for determination of the CH
4 and N
2O emission fluxes. Before and after planting, the physicochemical properties of soil and yield of the crop were measured. [Result] (1) The emissions of N
2O and CH
4 had obvious seasonal dynamics of high in rice season and low in rape season. The fluxes of N
2O varied from −4.08 to 35.51 μg N·m
−2·h
−1 in the rape season and from −16.52 to 193.30 μg N·m
−2·h
−1 in the rice season. The average annual emission flux of N
2O was 3.66−23.70 μg N·m
−2·h
−1. The fluxes of CH
4 varied from −0.08 to 0.05 mg C·m
−2·h
−1 in the rape season and from −0.54 to 4.81 mg C·m
−2·h
−1 in the rice season. The annual average emission flux of CH
4 was 0.42−0.66 mg C·m
−2·h
−1. (2) The amounts of N
2O emissions from high to low were FP, CRF, OPT, UA, and CK, respectively, and the values of them were 1.31, 1.19, 1.04, 0.82 and 0.37 kg N·hm
−2, respectively. The emission factors were in a range of 0.14%−0.25%, with all the values being lower than the IPCC recommended 1%. Compared with the OPT treatment with the same amount of nitrogen input, the two one-off fertilization UA and CRF treatments could effectively reduce the CH
4 emissions by 29.0% and 29.9%, respectively; at the same time, the UA treatment could reduce 21.2% N
2O emissions, but CRF treatment increased 14.8% N
2O emissions. (3) Under the same amount of nitrogen application, one-off fertilization CRF significantly increased the yield of rape by 10.6%, while the effect on rice yield was not significant. The characteristics of the GHGI showed low in rape season, high in rice season, but there was no significant difference in treatments between rape and rice season. The minimum GHGI of CRF and UA in rape season was 0.038 kgCO
2-eq·kg
−1; OPT was maximum with 0.057 kgCO
2-eq·kg
−1; the minimum of UA in rice season was 0.07 kgCO
2-eq·kg
−1; and FP was maximum with 0.13 kgCO
2-eq·kg
−1. (4) Under the same nitrogen application amount, the global warming potentials (GWPs) of the two one-off fertilization treatments UA and CRF were significantly reduced by 28.0% and 18.2% compared with that of OPT (
P < 0.05), and the one-off fertilization of urea was more effectively in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. [Conclusion] For the typical farmland in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, one-off fertilization of ordinary urea or control-release urea could reduce the greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining the crop yield, but it still needs to be verified by long-term experiments.
[Objective] The purpose of this paper was to compare the characteristics of nitrogen (N) transformation in the soil–plant system between controlled release urea and conventional urea under optimum nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium rates, to explore the utilization potential of controlled release urea-N and its effect on reducing N loss, and to study quantitatively on the fate and recovery efficiency of controlled release urea in paddy soil, thus providing a basis for the efficient application of controlled release fertilizer. [Method] A field microplot experiment was employed with three N fertilizer treatments (no N applied, CK;
15N labelled conventional powder urea, U;
15N labelled controlled release urea, CRU) to study fertilizer N uptake, distribution and translocation in rice, as well as fate and recovery efficiency in paddy soil. [Result] The dry matters and
15N accumulation of stem and sheath by rice plants increased gradually along with the progress of rice growth, and reached the maximum at anthesis. Compared with U treatment, CRU treatment increased the dry matter of stem by 13.8%, did not significantly change the dry matters of sheath, and increased the
15N accumulation of stem and sheath by 62.5% and 25.5% at anthesis, respectively. The
15N accumulation of stem and sheath then decreased due to the continuous translocation of dry matters and
15N from vegetative organs to grains. The dry matters and
15N accumulation of the leaf decreased gradually from the heading stage and reached the minimum at maturity stage. The dry matter and
15N accumulation of panicles increased from the booting stage and reached the maximum at maturity. At maturity, compared with U treatment, CRU treatment increased the dry matters and
15N accumulation in the stem, sheath, panicle, and aboveground part by 17.3%, 13.2%, 3.5%, 3.7%, and 25.0%, 20.0%, 15.8%, 13.3%, respectively, while decreased those in the leaf by 14.6% and 15.2%, respectively. From anthesis to maturity, the translocation, translocation efficiency, and contribution to grains of dry matters and
15N in CRU treatment were 286.78 g·m
−2, 32.3%, 30.8% and 2.69 g·m
−2, 67.2%, 83.8%, respectively, slightly increased compared with those of U treatment. The nutrient supply from filling to maturity was abundant of CRU treatment, which promoted the grain filling rate, the dry matter accumulation in grains, the assimilation of nitrogen, and the rapid transfer of nutrients from vegetative organs to grains. Compared with U treatment, CRU treatment slightly increased the grain yield and N uptake of rice plants; it increased the
15N accumulation by 13.3%,
15N use efficiency by 3.2 percentage points, N derived from
15N fertilizer by 2.9 percentage points, soil
15N residual rate by 0.9 percentage point, and total
15N recovery efficiency by 4.0 percentage points; it reduced the
15N loss by 4.0 percentage points. Regardless of application of controlled release urea or conventional urea, soil N was the main source of N for the growth and development of rice, and the N from the soil accounted for more than 70% during the rice growth period. The residue of fertilizer N in the soil decreased significantly with the increase of soil depth. After harvest, fertilizer
15N mainly remained in the 0–20 cm soil layer, accounting for 78% of the total residue. The second was the 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm soil layers, and the fertilizer
15N residue in the two soil layers was similar, accounting for about 19% of the total residue. Below the 60 cm soil layer, there was still a trace amount of fertilizer
15N residue, accounting for less than 4% of the total residue. [Conclusion] Controlled release urea could improve the dry matters and N accumulation, increase the dry matters and N translocation after anthesis (especially from filling to maturity), and reduce the loss of fertilizer N while maintaining the grain yield and improving the fertilizer N use efficiency.
