Supervisor(s): Ministry of Agriculture Sponsor(s): Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences；Chinese Association of Agricultural Science Societies CN：11-1328/S
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, the 1st in Comprehensive Agricultural Science, is supervised by Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, and sponsored by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Chinese Association of Agricultural Science Societies. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, launched in 1960, is a leading peer-reviewed and mufti-disciplinary journal and published semi-monthly in Chinese with English title, abstract, figures, tables and references. It aims to publish those papers that are influential and will significantly advance scientific understanding in agriculture fields worldwide. The scope covers Crop Genetics, Breeding, Germplasm Resources; Physiology, Biochemistry, Cultivation, Tillage Plant Protection; Soil & Fertilization, Agro-Ecology & Environment, Bio-energy; Animal Science, Veterinary Science, Agricultural Information Science; Food Science; Agricultural Economics and Management; Agricultural Sustainability.
The journal is included in JST, CA and CSCD.
Editor-in-Chief Wan Jianmin Associate Editor-in-Chief Zou Ruicang Tang HuaJun Wu Kongming Guo YuYuan Geng Xu Sun Tan Executive Editor Lu Wenru
[Objective] The level of inherent soil productivity has a direct relationship with soil nutrient supply capacity, which affects the crop nutrient absorption of from soil and fertilizer. The objective of this research was to study the relationship between inherent soil productivity and rice nutrient absorption efficiency and to evaluate its effect on rice nutrient absorption from soil and fertilizer under different inherent soil productivity levels, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving rice nutrient absorption efficiency at different inherent soil productivity level. [Method] Based on 246 rice “3414” trials in different ecological regions of Chongqing, rice yield and its grain and straw NPK content were investigated in the no fertilizer treatment (N0P0K0), nitrogen-free treatment (N0P2K2), phosphate-free treatment (N2P0K2), potassium-free (N2P2K0) and total fertilizer treatment (N2P2K2), and then rice nutrient uptake, soil available nutrient utilization efficiency and dependence rate, fertilizer recovery, and agronomic efficiency were calculated. The effect of inherent soil productivity on nutrient absorption efficiency of rice was evaluated by means of index and linear fitting, inherent soil productivity and yield classification methods. [Result] The yield of rice was 5.40–6.45 t·hm
−2 under paddy inherent soil productivity in different ecological areas of Chongqing, and the sample size for the low and medium-low inherent soil productivity (< 4 t·hm
−2 and 4–5 t·hm
−2) was 63, accounting for 25.6% of the total sample size. With the improvement of paddy inherent soil productivity level, nutrient uptake of rice was increased, and the organic matter and available nitrogen content were relatively high at the high paddy inherent soil productivity level. Low pH might be a limiting factor for low base-level rice fields (< 4 t·hm
−2). The increasing rate of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer in Chongqing was 18.5%, 5.2%, and 3.9%, respectively. Under the same level of fertilization, the recovery of NPK fertilizer was decreased by 6.9%, 4.5%, and 3.1%, respectively, with the improvement of inherent soil productivity level. There was a positive correlation between inherent soil productivity and the utilization efficiency of soil available nitrogen and soil nutrient dependence rate, proving that high inherent soil productivity could increase rice nutrient uptake and improve soil nutrient absorption efficiency. However, the inherent soil productivity was negatively correlated with the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and agronomic efficiency of fertilizer, which showed that high inherent soil productivity would reduce the utilization efficiency of fertilizer. There was a weak correlation between inherent soil productivity and available P, K as well as the apparent utilization of them. However, the inherent soil productivity was significantly correlated with the corresponding nitrogen index, proving that the reflective ability of inherent soil productivity on nitrogen was stronger than that on P and K. [Conclusion] High inherent soil productivity can improve rice yield and soil nutrient uptake, but reduce the utilization efficiency of fertilizer nutrient. Under the condition of high inherent soil productivity, fertilization has limited effect on rice yield increase and soil productivity improvement, so the input of fertilizer should be limited.
[Objective] The efficiency of foliar-applied agrochemicals is closely related to the complexity of physicochemical properties of plant leaf surfaces. For better understanding the interfacial interaction between agrochemical spray liquids and plant leaf surfaces, the internal relation was sought from the thermodynamic point based on pepper leaf surfaces. This will provide a basis for efficient use of pesticides on plants. [Method] The three test liquids were water (W), glycerol (G) and diiodomethane (DM). Their static contact angles of a single droplet on the pepper leaf surfaces of different varieties were determined by contact angle meter. Then the total surface free energy (SFE) and its components were evaluated by Harmonic mean (HM) method, Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble (OWRK) method, Van-Oss-Chaudhury-Good (OCG) method and ZDY method. Accordingly, the solubility parameter (
δ) of pepper leaf surfaces was calculated. [Result] The leaves of Suzi-1 and GR pepper were wettable (
θ < 90°) for W and the Sujiao-13 pepper leaves were unwettable (
θ > 90°) for W. Among the four methods, more physical characteristic information was obtained by the OCG method with three test liquids (W-G-DM) and the calculated percentages of non-polar components of the SFE of pepper leaf surfaces (> 85%) were higher than those of the polar components (< 15%). The HM and OWRK methods based on two test liquids. When the two test liquids were polar (i.e., W-G), the percentages of non-polar or polar component of the SFE of the pepper leaf surface varied greatly, or even the opposite to the percentages obtained in the OCG method. When the two test liquids were polar and non-polar combination (i.e., W-DM or G-DM), the deviation of the SFE values calculated by OWRK method was lower than that by HM method based on the OCG method. The SFE values calculated by ZDY method with one test liquid were much higher than those of the other three methods. Compared with the OCG method, the deviation of the SFE of pepper leaf surfaces was > 100%. Based on the deviation from the OCG method within 10% of the SFE, the SFE of Suzi-1 leaf surface was 37.72–43.11 mJ·m
−2 and the solubility parameter was 18.89–22.77 mJ
1/2·m
−3/2. The SFE of GR leaf surface was 37.53–40.95 mJ·m
−2 and the solubility parameter was 18.81–20.09 mJ
1/2·m
−3/2. The SFE of Sujiao-13leaf surface was 33.21–36.92 mJ·m
−2 and the solubility parameter was 17.17–18.58 mJ
1/2·m
−3/2. [Conclusion] Using water (W), glycerol (G) and diiodomethane (DM) as the test liquid, ZDY method is not suitable for calculating the SFE of pepper leaf surfaces and the rest methods (HM, OWRK, OCG) can be used to calculate the SFE. Among them, more attention should be paid to the polarity of selected test liquid combination in the HM or OWRK method. Meanwhile, the percentages of non-polar components of the SFEs of three kinds of pepper are higher than those of the polar components.
[Objective] The objectives of this study are to identify the DELLA protein family genes from grapevine (
Vitis vinifera) genome, to know the profile of DELLA protein family such as gene number, gene structure and tissue expression in grape, and to explore the mechanism of DELLA protein in gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway and in seedless fruit development of grapevine. [Method] The DELLA protein genes in grape genome were identified by HMMER and NCBI CDD software based on DELLA genes from
Arabidopsis and rice. The full-length cDNAs were obtained by clone techniques from grapevine cv. ‘Rosario Bianco’. The
Cis-elements of their promoters were identified to predict their potential functions. Their chromosomal localization, gene structures, phylogenetic analysis, physicochemical properties, subcellular localizations and protein interactions were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis software. Subcellular localization of DELLA proteins were observed by
Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in tobacco leaf. The qRT-PCR method was used to detect the temporal and spatial expression of DELLA protein genes in the grape berry pericarp, berry flesh and seed (or seed area) induced by exogenous GA. [Result] A total of three DELLA protein genes were identified from grape genome, their precise sequences were cloned and verified, named
VvGAI1 (VIT_201s0011g05260),
VvRGA (VIT_214s0006g00640) and
VvSLR1 (VIT_211s0016g04630), respectively. Their chromosomal localization, open reading frame (ORF), number of amino acid of DELLA genes were Chr1, 1 773 bp, 590; Chr14, 1 710 bp, 569; Chr11, 1 599 bp, 532, respectively. The gene structure analysis result showed that there no intron and only one exon, and the gene structures were highly conserved. The phylogenetic analysis showed that VvGAI1 was closely related to VvRGA, and were clustered into one group, with VvSLR1 was another group. The promoters of the three genes all contained the elements that were responsible for GA and endosperm development, suggesting that they might be involved in response to GA signaling and endosperm development. The subcellular localization result showed that all three grape DELLA proteins were located in the nucleus. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of three DELLA genes, except for
VvSLR1 in the berry pericarp had a peak of expression at near maturity, the rest were highly expressed in young fruit stage, and exogenous GA treatment all reduced the expression of three DELLA protein genes in the grape berry pericarp, berry flesh and seed area, especially in the seed area. The protein interaction analysis showed that all three DELLA proteins were the core components of GA signal transduction in grape, which may interact with GIDI1 and SLY1 in GA signal transduction. [Conclusion] The DELLA protein gene family in grapevine contains 3 genes. Their structures among different species are highly conserved. GA may participate in the development of berry pericarp, berry flesh and seed area through negative regulation of these three members, and all three members may regulate the development of grapes seedless fruit by responding to GA.
Soybean mosaic virus disease, caused by soybean mosaic virus (SMV), is one of the most serious pathogens of soybean (
Glycine max (L.) Merr.), which give rise to the loss of yield and quality in soybean production worldwide. During the recent decade, the studies on soybean against SMV stress have made some progress, includes the mapping of SMV resistance genes, the functional analysis of candidate resistance genes, and the progress in dissecting the SMV resistant signaling pathways in soybean. There are two kinds of resistance to SMV in soybean, quantitative resistance and qualitative resistance. The quantitative resistance to SMV is controlled by an additive major gene plus additive-dominant polygenes, and the qualitative resistance is mainly controlled by a dominant resistance gene. The research showed that the quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mainly on chromosome 6, 10 and 13. So far, 22 SMV qualitative resistance loci have been successively mapped on soybean chromosome 2, 6, 13 and 14. And most of the physical distance between the markers on both sides of the SMV resistance gene loci is within 1 Mb. Among them, there are eight gene loci (
Rsv4,
R
SC5,
R
SC6,
R
SC7 and
R
SC8 etc.) located on Chromosome 2, ten loci (
Rsv1,
Rsv5,
R
SC3Q,
R
SC11 and
R
SC12, etc.) on Chromosomes 13, two loci on Chromosome 6 (
R
SC15 and
R
SC18) and 14 (
Rsv3 and
R
SC4), respectively. According to the Williams 82 whole genomic sequence (http://www.phytozome.net/soybean), the putative candidate genes of SMV qualitative resistance loci were subsequently narrowed down based on their predicted functions, expression patterns, sequence comparison, etc. Among these genes,
Glyma.
02G121400,
Glyma.
02G121500,
Glyma.
02G121600,
Glyma.
02G121800,
Glyma.
02G121900,
Glyma.
02G122000,
Glyma.
02G122100 and
Glyma.
02G122200 etc. eight genes were considered potential resistance candidate genes to SMV on Chromosome 2;
Glyma.
06G182600 as the most promising candidate gene on Chromosome 6;
Glyma.
13G184800,
Glyma.
13G184900,
Glyma.
13G187900,
Glyma.
13G190000,
Glyma.
13G190300,
Glyma.
13G190400,
Glyma.
13G190800,
Glyma.
13G194700,
Glyma.
13G195100 et al. nine genes and
Glyma.
14G204500,
Glyma.
14G204600,
Glyma.
14G204700,
Glyma.
14G205000,
Glyma.
14G205200,
Glyma.
14G205300 etc. six genes were the putative candidate genes to SMV on Chromosomes 13 and 14, respectively. Using virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), transgenic technology etc. analyzed the functions of the candidate genes. The results showed genes
GmHSP40,
GmPP2C3a,
GmAKT2,
GmCnx1,
GmSN1,
Glyma.14G204500,
Glyma.14G204600 and
Glyma.14G204700 could participate to SMV resistance in soybean as positive regulator. After knocked down
GmEF1A and
GmeIF5A, the viral accumulation level of SMV and pathogenicity increased. They were considered negative regulator to SMV resistance. Based on the research results of SMV resistance gene, regulated model were built for Rsv1 and Rsv3 mediating extreme resistance (ER) against SMV.
Rsv1-mediated ER provided new insight into the soybean signaling network required for ER against SMV. The primary mechanism of
Rsv3-mediated ER against viruses was the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement by callose deposition in an ABA signaling-dependent manner. In this report, the research progress on the mapping and function analysis of SMV resistance genes and the future research directions of SMV resistance in soybean are summarized. It will provide a basis for molecular design breeding and mechanism research of resistance genes to SMV in soybean.
The endogenous circadian rhythm enables the organisms to predict the changes of environmental cycle, which maintains consistency between body metabolism and the external environment. During the maturation of follicular, ovulation, and the formation of egg in birds, the coincidence of the different physiological processes in time shows the unity of the body itself and the coordination between the body and the environment. Biological clock participates in a series of behavior and physiological processes such as nutrition intake, the production of endocrine hormones and energy metabolism. In the present review, the role of biological clock in neuroendocrine, energy intake and energy metabolism is discussed, from the points of light factor and nutrition factor, to reveal the potential regulating mechanism underlying ovulation and egg laying of hens. (1) Light signals act on hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) by regulating the biological clock to influence reproductive activities. Under the stimulation of light, the central clocks in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and pineal act on hypothalamus, and make it to release the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin inhibitory hormones (GnIH) periodically. GnRH and GnIH then act on pituitary, and make it to release gonadotropin hormone, that is luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Periphery clocks in ovary receive the central synchronization signal to maintain the biological rhythm, thereby regulating the maturation of follicles and ovulation. (2) In addition to being regulated by the neuroendocrine system of HPG axis, the ovulation-egg production process of laying hens is also affected by the body’s energy metabolism. The central and peripheral clock genes regulate the appetite regulation system and thus affect energy intake. Biological clock can regulate the expression of key enzymes in the process of metabolism, integrate the nuclear receptors and nutrition signaling proteins, regulate metabolism sensors and metabolites, affect gut microbes to regulate energy metabolism, and affect the synthesis, transport and deposition of yolk precursor. The melatonin secreted by bird’s pineal can regulate calcium metabolism rhythmically by mediating the secretion of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen, and influence the formation of egg shell. The time and the behavior of energy intake, the body energy metabolism and energy status can also modulate biological clock, through some appetite regulation and energy metabolism related cytokines such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPARα). There are interactions between nutrient, biological clock and energy metabolism, which accommodate organisms with the surrounding and optimize the energy utilization. Therefore, by adjusting the time of eating and the composition of feed (such as the energy level of feed and calcium level), the energy metabolism can be changed to regulate the function of the biological clock. In conclusion, it will provide a new perspective for researching the regulation mechanism of egg laying, if we make an integrated study on environment factor (light management) and nutrition (feeding time and feed formula) in which biological clock links the external factors and internal energy metabolism, that is, biological clock can both response to environmental stimuli, and regulate the body’s energy metabolism process, to optimize the various physiological functions.
